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. . . "The Perfect Anti-Storm"    
 

by Keith Johansson, owner Metro Maples     
                           Jan 5, 2012

A perfect storm usually combines several weather systems and is accompanied by precipitation, but in 2011 Metro Maples in Fort Worth, Texas experienced what I call 'A Perfect Anti-Storm'.  This anti-storm is the opposite of a perfect storm.  The anti-storm occurred in the whole state of Texas and is blamed on El Nino.  There were no significant weather fronts or precipitation amounts, but lots of extreme heat and wind, and unlike a perfect storm that comes and goes, it lasted for 6 months.

It began unnoticed by most people but I knew I had never seen my Japanese maples wilting in April and was already wondering when the rain was coming and why it was so windy.  The only rain before spring was back in January, plus a little snow during the Super Bowl held in Arlington, Texas.  There was less than a tenth of an inch in March and all the maples were already growing.  Temperatures in April were well above average and regularly in the eighties to low nineties and the soft growth was also soaked in the sun because the oaks I use for shade didn't want to leaf out until they had some moisture.  It was impossible to keep most azaleas blooming more than 5 to 7 days as the dry warm wind just ruined the flowers.  During mid-April thru mid May the winds continued but we did manage to collect over 8 inches of rain for our only wet period of the long Texas growing season.  During April and May the winds were howling 30 miles per hour and on average about 3 days of each week.  May ended with 3 straight very windy days and 97 degrees highs.

The perfect anti-storm became apparent in June when we saw only two-tenths inch of rain.  The 3rd week of June was all above 100 but even worse was the 5 straight days and nights of non-stop howling winds, all above 30 miles per hour.   A line from my notes says "Save as many trees as possible."  It also says "Not much growing, even the pruning scars from 6 weeks ago are not healing over at all."  By the end of June all growth had stopped and the trees in pots were losing some of their lush green chlorophyll.

July started hot then got record hot.  Insects like red spiders were leaving the dry surrounding forest and began attacking my trees to stay alive.  Other insect, like fire ants, stayed deep underground and were not seen on the hot surface.   During July there was not a drop of rain and temperatures soared to over 100 degrees every day.  Nighttime temperatures were consistently setting records and it was below 80 degrees at night only twice the whole month.  One night the overnight low was 85 degrees.  The winds had subsided but the damage was becoming more evident every day as by mid-month some of the native oaks, elms, and cherry laurels were already turning brown.   My red oak and corkscrew willow died.  In an effort to help our small Japanese maples we repotted every one of them with some fresh mix and a bigger pot so that they would not dry out as quickly.  I was spending every hour of every day rationing our limited well water supply to keep things going while also trying to find some water for our many maples in the ground which were also in need.

August was even hotter as every day except one was over 100 degrees and we had only a half-inch of rain.  We regularly set a new high overnight temperature record and this took a tremendous toll on my Rhododendron collection.  There were wild fires very close to Metro Maples and a half dozen homes were destroyed but somehow we didn't get burned down.   We are always short of water during droughts so we added new reverse osmosis pumps to purify our deep well water to supplement our dwindling shallow well water.  More oaks were turning brown and we noticed that some small burnt maples were not recovering as usual but were just dieing.  Later I would learn the real reasons for their demise.  Native ragweed were now dead along with most pines and Arizona cypress that I had planted.  Even the native Eastern Red Cedars were now gone.  I made a trip to East Texas and noticed it was worse out there and surmised is was because their trees have not been conditioned to a major drought like mine have.  There were also some horrible losses in my azalea collection as a few respired to death or dried out too much.  I moved all my valuable new Shantung test plants yearlings to some shade underneath the Maple Knoll 'Fire Dragon'® as a precaution which could have saved their lives.  The dry sandy soil was soaring daily to 140 degrees and the temperature inside the black growing pots was up to 120 degrees.   In the clay soils of Dallas the cracks in the soil were big enough to lose puppies or to put your boot in. Several other of my important plants also were tucked deeper into the forest for protection as even morning sun was too hot.  The hottest 10 am that I recorded was 96 degrees.  The two hundred new Shantung grafts of my newly filed patent maples were hand watered every day and this not only saved them but they even continued to grow all through the summer.

The average high temperature at Metro Maples from June thru August was an amazing 102.7 degrees and the total rainfall during that time was a paltry seven-tenth of an inch.  The total number of 100 degree days was a whopping 77, or 9 more days than the previous all-time record at DF/W airport in 1980.  And in case you need reminding the nighttime temperatures, which control respiration rates, were at unprecedented levels.  Many mornings I awoke at 5:00 am and the temperature was eighty-eight degrees.  

Finally September arrived and we got some relief.  It finally rained and after working 220 straight days in an effort to save the farm I was able to take a day off.   There were some horrible losses in my collection from the 6 month perfect anti-storm, but the benefits gained from this life and death struggle far exceeded them.  A few azaleas and most Rhododendrons were lost but the irrigated Japanese maples and the more drought tolerant Shantung seemed mostly unaffected.   In September I realized that most losses were actually my fault,  from a combination of poor watering practice,  the use of insecticides in extreme heat, or from over-fertilizing combined with a lack of sufficient water.   The willow that died was due to an early July chemical application in combination with the extreme heat.  The stress from the chemical also probably attracted even more bugs.  

To my amazement several things happened in the fall that made the whole year very rewarding.  Nine out of nine 'Fire Dragon'® that were planted in my sandy soil and never watered had all survived and colored up normally, passing the ultimate drought tolerance test.   To the right is one of them shown with a brown 'Spartan' juniper.  Neither had any supplemental irrigation.   I am proud to have witnessed the thousands of maple survivors, and grateful for the knowledge gained that others will never experience.   A few maples, like some of the snake-barks in my collection, did respire to death, but the Japanese and Shantung that I have been promoting did fine. 

 I was also ecstatic when over 30 different miniature Shantung test plant colored up with brilliant red fall color, even after the worst summer ever.  I thought there was a small chance there might be some good new trees in this seedling group so I moved them into some shade in the middle of July as a precaution.  I am glad I saved them as it appears there will be many new great trees to introduce in the future.  To the left are two of them and theyhad fall colors better than I could have ever hoped for.
Here is a close-up of one of these miniature Shantung as it was just starting to turn red.  Perhaps the coolest new collection of dwarf trees in the world and heat tolerant.  The tiny leaves and upright to spreading cascade habits are unique among all maples.  There were lots of new dwarfs from seed planted in 2010 and perhaps I got so many miniatures in response to the hot weather.  After all, small trees with small leaves will have an easier time getting moisture to their leaves in hot climates.
Another great result in 2011 was when I found a branch sport on top of a ten foot Shantung that I believe is a mutation from the heat and wind.  Not many people get the opportunity to see nature adapting.  The lobes are very narrow and are only one-half inch wide.  I believe it is a mutation to adapt to the hot winds as the leaf lobes will lose much less water as they are so very much smaller.  These lobes are even more narrow than 'Skinny Dragon', which was proven to take the heat and winds of 2011 better than average.

I never dreamed the fall colors on another of my new patent-applied-for Shantung, named 'Super Dragon'®, could be so good and unique.  The tree is so new that I haven't seen many fall colors yet, but take a look to the left for the very cool colors.  When you get fall colors like this after the hottest, driest summer ever, then you know you have a great maple.  This is a good example of the statement I frequently make that Texas is the best place to test plants.  Or sometimes I'll say, "If you can make it here, you can make it anywhere".
Another fall color picture of the mixed colors of 'Super Dragon'® produced in early December, 2011.
Here is a close-up of a 'Fire Dragon'® Shantung that did not receive any irrigation.  The ultimate drought test was passed with flying colors.  All the larger Shantung that are planted in the ground colored-up normally in the fall and seemed unaffected from the extreme heat in 2011.  Some had fall colors for almost 3 weeks.   

So in conclusion, if I had it all to do over again, I'd still do the same thing again.

 
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